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Settings of Multi Stage Missiles

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Settings of Multi Stage Missiles
Post by markusschaber   » Tue Jun 18, 2024 2:11 pm

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I darkly remember a thread where we discussed whether the stages of the manticoran multi stage missiles can be configured to use different speeds for the different stages. But despite several efforts, I cannot find the thread - neither here, nor in the Beans Bar forums.

We agreed that, similar to single stage missiles, they had a slow and a fast mode - the fast mode employing very high acceleration, the slow mode providing a higher end speed, and a far longer distance under control, as the total time under acceleration is much longer. We also agreed that there can be a ballistic phase before starting the last stage.

The Cataphracts seem to be able to employ a mixed mode, where the first stages use low acceleration mode, and the last stage after the ballistic phase uses high acceleration mode. But the claim was that Manticoran / Grand Alliance missiles cannot be driven in that mixed mode, all three stages must run with the same setting.

I just happened to listen to the German audio book of "in enemy hands", the scene in the library where Honor Harrington talks to Hamish Alexander about the new weapon systems, and remembered that discussion. Quote of the english version:

In Enemy Hands, Chapter 2 wrote:We're talking about a 'multistage' missile—one with three separate drives, which will give us a degree of tactical flexibility no previous navy could even dream of! We can preprogram the drives to come on-line with any timing and at any power setting we wish! Simply programming them to activate in immediate succession at maximum power would give us a hundred and eighty seconds of powered flight . . . and a powered attack range from rest of over fourteen and a half million kilometers with a terminal velocity of point-five-four cee. Or we can drop the drives' power settings to forty-six thousand gees and get five times the endurance—and a maximum powered missile envelope of over sixty-five million klicks with a terminal velocity of point-eight-one light-speed. That's a range of three-point-six light-minutes, and we can get even more than that if we use one or two 'stages' to accelerate the weapon, let it ride a ballistic course to a preprogrammed attack range, and then bring up the final 'stage' for terminal attack maneuvers at a full ninety-two thousand gravities.


For me, this clearly sounds that it's at least possible to run the last stage in high accel mode after the other stages have burned out in low accel mode.
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Re: Settings of Multi Stage Missiles
Post by ThinksMarkedly   » Tue Jun 18, 2024 2:44 pm

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markusschaber wrote:I darkly remember a thread where we discussed whether the stages of the manticoran multi stage missiles can be configured to use different speeds for the different stages. But despite several efforts, I cannot find the thread - neither here, nor in the Beans Bar forums.

We agreed that, similar to single stage missiles, they had a slow and a fast mode - the fast mode employing very high acceleration, the slow mode providing a higher end speed, and a far longer distance under control, as the total time under acceleration is much longer. We also agreed that there can be a ballistic phase before starting the last stage.

The Cataphracts seem to be able to employ a mixed mode, where the first stages use low acceleration mode, and the last stage after the ballistic phase uses high acceleration mode. But the claim was that Manticoran / Grand Alliance missiles cannot be driven in that mixed mode, all three stages must run with the same setting.

I just happened to listen to the German audio book of "in enemy hands", the scene in the library where Honor Harrington talks to Hamish Alexander about the new weapon systems, and remembered that discussion. Quote of the english version:

In Enemy Hands, Chapter 2 wrote:We're talking about a 'multistage' missile—one with three separate drives, which will give us a degree of tactical flexibility no previous navy could even dream of! We can preprogram the drives to come on-line with any timing and at any power setting we wish! Simply programming them to activate in immediate succession at maximum power would give us a hundred and eighty seconds of powered flight . . . and a powered attack range from rest of over fourteen and a half million kilometers with a terminal velocity of point-five-four cee. Or we can drop the drives' power settings to forty-six thousand gees and get five times the endurance—and a maximum powered missile envelope of over sixty-five million klicks with a terminal velocity of point-eight-one light-speed. That's a range of three-point-six light-minutes, and we can get even more than that if we use one or two 'stages' to accelerate the weapon, let it ride a ballistic course to a preprogrammed attack range, and then bring up the final 'stage' for terminal attack maneuvers at a full ninety-two thousand gravities.


For me, this clearly sounds that it's at least possible to run the last stage in high accel mode after the other stages have burned out in low accel mode.


The text you pasted is ambiguous as to whether different power settings for each stage. It says that one can program any activation timing they wish (which must be per stage) and any power setting, but the latter doesn't say it's per-stage.

RFC has clarified in the forum that it must be a single setting. The activation of any one stage irreparably makes all other stages require the same power setting, despite the baffles.

As to why the SLN missiles can have two different accelerations, there are two possibilities. First that the power setting is indeed different and they've managed to do something that the RMN MDM missiles can't do. It could be a technological breakthrough, but more likely it would be because of the size of the missile, placing the two impeller rings sufficiently far apart that they don't actually produce the quantum interference that affects the more compact MDMs. This is something that Travis discussed in A Call To Duty, in the "as big as a frigate, as expensive as a destroyer section." That would also explain why the RMN missiles don't use this: it would be too expensive.

The second is that the power setting is the same, but the acceleration is different because the impeller rings themselves are: the CM missile the shipkiller missile was bolted on is necessarily very different. That would mean these exact two accelerations are the only possibility for this power setting (there may be other power settings possible). This could also explain why we've only seen the Cataphracts with one set of acceleration profiles.
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Re: Settings of Multi Stage Missiles
Post by Jonathan_S   » Tue Jun 18, 2024 3:01 pm

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markusschaber wrote:I darkly remember a thread where we discussed whether the stages of the manticoran multi stage missiles can be configured to use different speeds for the different stages. But despite several efforts, I cannot find the thread - neither here, nor in the Beans Bar forums.

I'd made a thread on that, IIRC complete with graphs of the results of different acceleration profiles. (Looks like I last updated the spreadsheet behind that in Dec 2017)

And then RFC shot it all down saying that even with the baffle you had to set all drives of a Manticoran/Haven style multidrive missile to the same accel.
(MAlign style Cataphract multi-stage missiles are obviously different; as their CM derived 2nd stage does have a different acceleration than their shipkiller derived 1st stage)


I'll have to poke around and see if I can find the thread or a copy of his post.
Last edited by Jonathan_S on Tue Jun 18, 2024 3:28 pm, edited 1 time in total.
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Re: Settings of Multi Stage Missiles
Post by Jonathan_S   » Tue Jun 18, 2024 3:15 pm

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Jonathan_S wrote:I'll have to poke around and see if I can find the thread or a copy of his post.

Aha - my thread On MDM Flight Profiles from 2016
http://forums.davidweber.net/viewtopic.php?f=1&t=8922

And RFC's 2017 post shooting it down was in another thread Re: Courvosier II broadside tubes
http://forums.davidweber.net/viewtopic.php?f=1&t=9674&p=270363
(though I updated my original post to highlight his info and link to his post)
Last edited by Jonathan_S on Tue Jun 18, 2024 3:30 pm, edited 1 time in total.
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Re: Settings of Multi Stage Missiles
Post by Jonathan_S   » Tue Jun 18, 2024 3:27 pm

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ThinksMarkedly wrote:RFC has clarified in the forum that it must be a single setting. The activation of any one stage irreparably makes all other stages require the same power setting, despite the baffles.

As to why the SLN missiles can have two different accelerations, there are two possibilities. First that the power setting is indeed different and they've managed to do something that the RMN MDM missiles can't do. It could be a technological breakthrough, but more likely it would be because of the size of the missile, placing the two impeller rings sufficiently far apart that they don't actually produce the quantum interference that affects the more compact MDMs. This is something that Travis discussed in A Call To Duty, in the "as big as a frigate, as expensive as a destroyer section." That would also explain why the RMN missiles don't use this: it would be too expensive.

The second is that the power setting is the same, but the acceleration is different because the impeller rings themselves are: the CM missile the shipkiller missile was bolted on is necessarily very different. That would mean these exact two accelerations are the only possibility for this power setting (there may be other power settings possible). This could also explain why we've only seen the Cataphracts with one set of acceleration profiles.

RFC did say in that post that Manticore's R&D is still working on (but has not yet solved) the ability to have different power settings in an MDM.

I think it's your physical separation speculation that explains the two stage Cataphract. Unlike an MDM the Cataphract is described as dropping a first stage before its CM derived drive activates -- whereas an MDM (as we can see in the drawing in some of the books, or renderings over on MaxxQ's old site) is a unified missile with 3 closely placed drive rings near its rear. It doesn't drop stages, just burns out one drive ring after another.

From the Cataphract launches we've seen the 1st stage is launched at half power (180 second run time), while CM drives don't have a half power setting (that's one of the compromises that lets them achieve their higher acceleration compared to even the full accel of contemporary ship killer missiles). So they seem like they'd have to be at different power settings; thus counter to your other speculation.




Now in the books they talk at one point about a potential system defense variants of Apollo that would have a CM derived 4th drive.
It's possible that this is a true Cataphract-style 2nd stage - where the impeller ring is far enough from the first stage's 3-ring MDM stack near its rear that it doesn't require a baffle for separation.
Or it's possible that they were anticipating that R&D breakthrough which would let them baffle a 4th drive from the other 3 in a true MDM format.
We just don't know. Nor do we know if such a 4 drive system defense Apollo variant was ever finalized and deployed. (Obviously Mycroft relies on system defense pods of Apollo -- but it is unclear whether they have a 4th drive of any kind, much less this proposed CM derived one)
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Re: Settings of Multi Stage Missiles
Post by ThinksMarkedly   » Tue Jun 18, 2024 4:37 pm

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Jonathan_S wrote:From the Cataphract launches we've seen the 1st stage is launched at half power (180 second run time), while CM drives don't have a half power setting (that's one of the compromises that lets them achieve their higher acceleration compared to even the full accel of contemporary ship killer missiles). So they seem like they'd have to be at different power settings; thus counter to your other speculation.


Not necessarily. They are different missiles, with very different impellers and designed for different purposes. A CM has a massively overpowered wedge so it's big to broom and destroy regular missiles when operating in defensive mode. On the other hand, its ring is much smaller because the missile itself is a smaller body. So it's possible that a CM at full power is equivalent to a shipkiller at half power.

It's not likely, though. It would be just too convenient that they happened to match, even if there's an underlying physical reason why this power setting is a sweet spot (the fact that all the missiles in all navies have very similar accelerations would imply there is such a thing). Moreover, if it were the case, someone would have stumbled upon the solution previously.

Add to that one thing I forgot in the previous post: we know that the SLN (and the MAlign) did not have access to the technology of quantum baffles, which makes true MDMs possible. If they had had it at the time, they'd have been talking about true MDMs later, and not even wondering if a 3-stage MDM was possible. It seems the MAlign has developed a solution for that, for their next generation missiles codenamed Ninurta, but hasn't shared that with the SLN or TIY.

As Travis explained:
A Call to Duty, ch. 7 wrote:"Two impeller rings at such close proximity can't avoid bleeding control flickers and capillary fields between them. The fact that the secondary set isn't yet active doesn't matter—it'll still be misaligned when it does light up."

"Then you shield the second set," Cyrus bit out. "You put something between the two rings to keep that from happening."

"You can't, sir," Long insisted doggedly. "It's a quantum tunneling effect. No known material or counterfield can block or suppress it. You'd need a good hundred meters of distance between the rings, which would either require an acceleration-resistant pylon that's physically impossible to construct with any known material, or else a much thicker pillar that will jump the costs with every square centimeter of cross-section that you add. The missile would end up as big as a corvette and as expensive as a destroyer. Either way, it would not show up on sensors as a normal missile. Not the way it did in the simulation."

(bold mine)

Lt. Cyrus had the right idea, but as Travis pointed out, the SLN and the MAlign would have access to no known material or field that could allow the activation of a second impeller at all if it had interacted with the first. That means the power settings of the twain simply don't matter: they'd have had to be spaced far enough apart that the effects would be near zero.

In turn, that explains why no one else had built missiles like the Cataphract: too expensive, even if material sciences had improved to the point such a missile only cost as much as a frigate or courier instead of a destroyer. Only the SLN would have had the funds to contemplate such a thing, and even then only at a war-time emergency, because we know they couldn't support the expense rate for much longer.


Now in the books they talk at one point about a potential system defense variants of Apollo that would have a CM derived 4th drive.


No, it doesn't look like they are. Those (the Mk25) appear to be regular missiles like the Mk16 and Mk23, only with four rings instead of three. It appears that the powered range of a Mk23 at 65 million km is more than enough for ship-to-ship engagements, and that is much improved with Apollo anyway. The differences are the final velocity and the total travel time, which probably are of little value for ship-to-ship. So I think there's little reason for ships to carry even bigger missiles, and there are reasons not to, because being bigger they'd need bigger tubes to fire from and would have fewer missiles to fire, even from pods. It's a similar reason why BCs and CAs fire Mk16 from tubes, even though they can and did carry Mk23 in limpeted pods.

On the other hand, for system defence, you may want to strike a target that is very far very quickly. Plus, you do have sensor assets in the system that would help you guide the missile to target, something you can't count on for ship action in a hostile system.


We just don't know. Nor do we know if such a 4 drive system defense Apollo variant was ever finalized and deployed. (Obviously Mycroft relies on system defense pods of Apollo -- but it is unclear whether they have a 4th drive of any kind, much less this proposed CM derived one)


True, we haven't heard of the Mk25 being deployed. We haven't heard of any problems with it either, though absence of data is not data of absence. I just don't expect there to be problems shielding a fourth impeller ring: clearly going from one to two was the biggest breakthrough, but it could be that two was the limit if it required a wide enough separation that a 3-stage MDM was impractical even for SDs to fire. So I think that if you can shield three, then four shouldn't be a problem (you solve problems for "one, two, many").
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Re: Settings of Multi Stage Missiles
Post by Jonathan_S   » Tue Jun 18, 2024 5:01 pm

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ThinksMarkedly wrote:
Jonathan_S wrote:Nor do we know if such a 4 drive system defense Apollo variant was ever finalized and deployed. (Obviously Mycroft relies on system defense pods of Apollo -- but it is unclear whether they have a 4th drive of any kind, much less this proposed CM derived one)


True, we haven't heard of the Mk25 being deployed. We haven't heard of any problems with it either, though absence of data is not data of absence. I just don't expect there to be problems shielding a fourth impeller ring: clearly going from one to two was the biggest breakthrough, but it could be that two was the limit if it required a wide enough separation that a 3-stage MDM was impractical even for SDs to fire. So I think that if you can shield three, then four shouldn't be a problem (you solve problems for "one, two, many").

Certainly I don't see any significant design problem if they wanted to stack a 4th normal drive ring, to be used at the same power setting, onto the Mk25.


Now you can't actually accelerate a 4-drive MDM to a much higher velocity that a 3-drive one. IIRC RCF indicated that most likely he'd end up declaring a fiat top speed for MDMs of 0.9 or so -- which a 4th drive could easily reach with plenty of run time remaining.

What the 4th drive really buys you, in an FTL controlled system defense role, is significantly short duration ballistic coasts; because you can get up over 0.8c before going ballistic, rather than "merely" 0.54c -- while still retaining a final drive for cross range intercept maneuvering.

But if they had to build the Mk25 with 4 normal drives then that terminal intercept is limited to 46,000g; giving a cross range of up to 7.3 million km (over 180 seconds). whereas if they did manage to build it with a Mk-31 derived 4th drive then they'd presumably have 130,000g (over just 75 seconds); giving a cross range of "just" 3.5 million km.
But, assuming the targets weren't able to accurately track the ballistic missiles, that'd give their defenses even less time to react to the incoming threats one the terminal maneuvering drive activated.
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Re: Settings of Multi Stage Missiles
Post by ThinksMarkedly   » Tue Jun 18, 2024 6:00 pm

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Jonathan_S wrote:But if they had to build the Mk25 with 4 normal drives then that terminal intercept is limited to 46,000g; giving a cross range of up to 7.3 million km (over 180 seconds). whereas if they did manage to build it with a Mk-31 derived 4th drive then they'd presumably have 130,000g (over just 75 seconds); giving a cross range of "just" 3.5 million km.
But, assuming the targets weren't able to accurately track the ballistic missiles, that'd give their defenses even less time to react to the incoming threats one the terminal maneuvering drive activated.


Those are good points. It's important for the missile to re-light its drive prior to entering the outer interception basket. It does make them more visible, but it also makes them far more survivable because they have wedges interposing against light-speed weapons and they can manoeuvre. A ballistic missile can't be easily tracked, but it also hasn't manoeuvred almost at all since it turned its previous stage off (definition of "ballistic"), so the enemy has had a lot of time to integrate data and come up with firing solutions for a LAC screen. Don't forget that their power plants or batteries are still online so radiating heat.

And against CMs that are brooming with their wedges, ballistic missiles stand no chance. To make matters worse, against those, CMs could conceivably kill more than one missile because they would survive the impact on their wedges.

Therefore, I see little value in delaying wedge re-activation. You're not likely to achieve surprise, unless the enemy didn't see you launch the missiles in the first place, didn't think it was possible to activate at all, or was sufficiently distracted to forget about them (the latter two is what Honor achieved against Tourville at the end of the Battle of Manticore). You pay for the delay with an increased risk of interception. And gain manoeuvrability and speed (so long as you don't tempt a failure of the particle shields) if you bring the wedge up earlier.
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Re: Settings of Multi Stage Missiles
Post by Jonathan_S   » Tue Jun 18, 2024 9:40 pm

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ThinksMarkedly wrote:
Jonathan_S wrote:But if they had to build the Mk25 with 4 normal drives then that terminal intercept is limited to 46,000g; giving a cross range of up to 7.3 million km (over 180 seconds). whereas if they did manage to build it with a Mk-31 derived 4th drive then they'd presumably have 130,000g (over just 75 seconds); giving a cross range of "just" 3.5 million km.
But, assuming the targets weren't able to accurately track the ballistic missiles, that'd give their defenses even less time to react to the incoming threats one the terminal maneuvering drive activated.


Those are good points. It's important for the missile to re-light its drive prior to entering the outer interception basket. It does make them more visible, but it also makes them far more survivable because they have wedges interposing against light-speed weapons and they can manoeuvre. A ballistic missile can't be easily tracked, but it also hasn't manoeuvred almost at all since it turned its previous stage off (definition of "ballistic"), so the enemy has had a lot of time to integrate data and come up with firing solutions for a LAC screen. Don't forget that their power plants or batteries are still online so radiating heat.

And against CMs that are brooming with their wedges, ballistic missiles stand no chance. To make matters worse, against those, CMs could conceivably kill more than one missile because they would survive the impact on their wedges.

Therefore, I see little value in delaying wedge re-activation. You're not likely to achieve surprise, unless the enemy didn't see you launch the missiles in the first place, didn't think it was possible to activate at all, or was sufficiently distracted to forget about them (the latter two is what Honor achieved against Tourville at the end of the Battle of Manticore). You pay for the delay with an increased risk of interception. And gain manoeuvrability and speed (so long as you don't tempt a failure of the particle shields) if you bring the wedge up earlier.
Fair. They'd be coming in slower than the ballistic strikes Honor was worried about the Masadans/Peeps pulling off against Grayson if she didn't left Thunder of God uncontested access to the outer system. Those might come in so fast she didn't expect to have much luck getting point defense solutions against them.

A 4 drive system defense missile salvo might be launch from so far away that the FTL sensors of it's first 3 drives are unlikely to give you particularly actionable data -- the signals from the salvo's drives will just be a cacophony of "noise" leaving you unsure of even its size, much less the precise vector of each missile as it went ballistic. (After all, with Mycroft you could trivially shoot at enemies as they crossed the hyperlimit using pods in Manticore's orbit -- at minimum a 6.4 light minute ballistic phase)

But if you've got 8 minutes to gather passive IR data on those 0.81c targets you might well have a solid track to hit them as they cross your defensive perimeter.

But it's probably irrelevant - you're coasting outwards so quickly (0.81c) that you'll basically always have to bring up your terminal maneuvering drive long before reaching their defensive CM envelope just to have time to build the lateral velocity you need to achieve intercept. (Because enemies rarely maintain perfectly ruler straight courses, especially when they know they've been fired upon)

* Over the 180 second max of a normal half-power drive's endurance it can deflect the missile sideways by up to 7.3 million km, but over that same time it'll also coast nearly 44 million km further downrange.
* Over the 75 second max of a CM drive's endurance it can deflect the missile sideways by up to 3.5 million km, but over that same time it'll also coast a bit over 18 million km further downrange.

But most people's CM envelope is just 1.5 million km. You'll coast through that in about 15 seconds -- and neither drive can move you laterally very far in that small amount of time. So, as I said, even if you wanted to wait until the last possible second to bring up your final drive, that last second is likely way outside of their CM range anyway.
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Re: Settings of Multi Stage Missiles
Post by markusschaber   » Wed Jun 19, 2024 12:50 am

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Jonathan_S wrote:
Jonathan_S wrote:I'll have to poke around and see if I can find the thread or a copy of his post.

Aha - my thread On MDM Flight Profiles from 2016
http://forums.davidweber.net/viewtopic.php?f=1&t=8922

And RFC's 2017 post shooting it down was in another thread Re: Courvosier II broadside tubes
http://forums.davidweber.net/viewtopic.php?f=1&t=9674&p=270363
(though I updated my original post to highlight his info and link to his post)


Okay, thanks for this clarification. I now understand how I got the impression, but RFCs word of god clearly clarifies it, at least till Sonjas and Shannons minions make the impossible possible again. :D
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